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Battle between HMAS Sydney and German auxiliary cruiser Kormoran
The battle between the Australian light cruiser and the German auxiliary cruiser was a single ship action that occurred on 19 November 1941, off the coast of Western Australia. ''Sydney'', with Captain Joseph Burnett commanding, and ''Kormoran'', under ''Fregattenkapitän'' (Commander) Theodor Detmers encountered each other approximately off Dirk Hartog Island, Western Australia. Both ships were destroyed in the half-hour engagement.
From 24 November, after ''Sydney'' failed to return to port, air and sea searches were conducted. Boats and rafts carrying survivors from ''Kormoran'' were recovered at sea, while others made landfall north of Carnarvon: 318 of the 399 personnel on ''Kormoran'' survived. While debris from ''Sydney'' was found, there were no survivors from its 645-strong complement; it was the largest loss of life in the history of the Royal Australian Navy (RAN), and the largest Allied warship lost with all hands during World War II. Australian authorities learned of ''Sydney''s fate from the surviving ''Kormoran'' personnel, who were held in prisoner of war camps until the end of the war. The exact location of the two wrecks remained unverified until 2008. The loss of ''Sydney'' with all hands and in home waters was a major blow to wartime morale in Australia.〔Jeans, ''Seafaring Lore and Legend'', pp. 189–91〕
Controversy has often surrounded the battle, especially in the years before the two wrecks were located in 2008. How and why a purpose-built warship like ''Sydney'' was defeated by a modified merchant vessel like ''Kormoran'' was the subject of speculation, with numerous books on the subject, as well as two official reports by government inquiries (published in 1999 and 2009 respectively). According to German accounts—which were assessed as truthful and generally accurate by Australian interrogators during the war, as well as most subsequent commentators—''Sydney'' approached so close to ''Kormoran'' that the Australian cruiser lost two key technical advantages: its heavier armour and the superior range of its guns. Nevertheless, several post-war publications have alleged that ''Sydney''s loss had been the subject of a cover-up, the Germans had not followed the laws of war, Australian survivors were killed following the battle, and/or the Empire of Japan had been secretly involved in the action (before it was officially at war). No evidence has been found to support any of these theories.
==Background==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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